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When Early Irish Law Outpaces Us: Binchy, Bretha Crólige and the Curious Case of Sick-Maintenance

Posted on by Damian McGeady (Partner)

Introduction

 

As an insurance lawyer, my working day revolves around damages: how much, to whom, and for what. We argue over loss of earnings, cost of care, special damages, general damages. We measure, calculate, dispute, and settle. It is an elaborate system – but, at its core, still about money as compensation.

Law and its Prominence in Early Gaelic Literature

 

Recently, I have been studying early Gaelic (Irish) literature and the importance of Irish law. Law is so central in early Irish literature because it was closely linked to how society explained and maintained itself. The jurists (brithemain) belonged to the same learned class as poets and historians, and their work was preserved as senchas – tradition – rather than as abstract statutes. This is why the great collection Senchas Már lies at the core of the legal corpus: it is presented not just as law but as a narrative, connecting rules to origin legends and the authority of saints and kings. Within it, texts like Bretha Crólige (“Judgements on Sick-Maintenance”) demonstrate how vividly law could respond to real-life situations, detailing the obligations owed to a wounded person. Together, they show why law dominates early Irish writing: it was both the backbone of social order and a vital part of cultural memory, recorded in the same literary medium as history, poetry, and saga.

Binchy and Bretha Crólige

 

D. A. Binchy’s edition of Bretha Crólige, the Old Irish tract on “blood-lying” (sick-maintenance- or othrus) is worth analysis, in the modern context. Binchy’s central observation is simple but striking. While compensation tariffs for injury are broadly Indo-European, the Irish obsession with the day-to-day maintenance of the injured person is unique in its detail.

Tariffs Across Europe

 

Most early medieval legal systems, from the Salic Law to the Welsh Laws of Hywel Dda, worked from tariffs: so many shillings for an eye, so many for a tooth, a sliding scale for fingers and toes. The idea was familiar: money smooths over disruption.

The Irish texts contain these tariffs too – tables of éraic (compensation) for wounds and insults, carefully graded by rank. In that sense, Ireland sits squarely in the European mainstream.

The Irish Twist: Crólige as Obligation

 

But Bretha Crólige adds a twist. As Binchy notes:

“The most striking feature of Bretha Crólige is its detailed regulation of sick-maintenance: the obligation imposed on the injurer to feed and tend the wounded man until recovery.”

Here, damages aren’t just a payout. They become an obligation to care: housing the victim, feeding him, paying for his doctor, maintaining his household. The wrongdoer is bound, day after day, into the life of the person he injured.

The tract even specifies food schedules and arrangements for substitutes. Where our modern system trusts a lump sum to cover uncertainty, the Irish law, first demanded continuous support until recovery.

What Struck Me as a Modern Lawyer

 

Coming to this with my insurance-law lens, I couldn’t help mapping Bretha Crólige onto today’s compensation landscape: Whilst there was no award for pain and suffering, there was an emergence of various heads of damages.

  • Loss of earnings? Covered, because the wrongdoer sustains both victim and dependants.
  • Special damages for care? Built in: the wrongdoer must provide the care directly.
  • Future uncertainty? Managed, because the obligation continues until the end of illness (or life).

The justice was far from egalitarian—rank dictated quality of care—but the concept is profoundly restorative rather than purely monetary.

Why It Matters

 

Bretha Crólige raised a challenge that hasn’t gone away. Modern tort law prizes once-and-for-all damages, tidy settlements. Yet whenever we deal with long-term care claims, periodic payment orders, or disputes over statutory benefits, I find myself wondering whether the old Irish lawyers had a point: sometimes justice looks less like a cheque and more like an obligation to keep showing up.

Conclusion

 

Bretha Crólige showed us a legal system that refused to reduce injury entirely to money. It tied wrongdoer to victim in an ongoing relationship of care. It was an example of an approach focused on the victim, rather than the wrongdoer or the society that condoned the wrongdoer. Not that it was universal, however. In his introduction to A Guide to Early Irish Law, Fergus Kelly notes that another text, Críth Gablath, stated that the institution of orthus or sick maintenance was obsolete and had been replaced by payment of appropriate fines. Perhaps an early example of a change in the law, moving away from a restorative based approach, as Kelly suggested one of the possible reasons (he offers several) for the variation, being differences in dates between the texts.

The Role of Private Investigators in Personal Injury Litigation: A Vital Tool for Insurance Defence

Posted on by Damian McGeady (Partner)

In today’s complex claims landscape, private investigators (PIs) play a pivotal role in supporting insurance defence teams across Ireland. When used appropriately and ethically, surveillance can provide crucial clarity in contested personal injury cases—helping insurers, employers, and self-insured entities to challenge fraudulent or exaggerated claims while preserving fairness and legality.

At Lacey Solicitors, our insurance defence team advises clients on the lawful use of private investigators throughout Ireland, from initial instructions to evidentiary use at trial. This blog outlines how private investigators can support your defence strategy, the legal and ethical constraints that must be respected, and the parallel obligations claimant solicitors owe their clients in the digital age.

Why Use Private Investigators in Insurance Defence?

 

Private investigators are not used to entrap or harass claimants. Their purpose is to objectively observe and document claimants’ day-to-day activities in public places, ensuring consistency with alleged injuries.

While most personal injury claims are legitimate, a small percentage involve inconsistencies between the reported symptoms and a claimant’s actual physical capabilities. This is where private investigators can play a key role—documenting evidence that may influence liability, quantum, or settlement negotiations.

In fact, many surveillance reports support the claimant’s version of events, confirming limitations in movement or pain behaviour. But in cases of exaggeration or fraud, this evidence can be game-changing.

Types of Evidence Collected by Private Investigators in Personal Injury Cases

 

Where appropriate, surveillance operatives can be called to give evidence in court.  It is important to note that PI witnesses, are lay witnesses and not considered expert witnesses by the courts in Ireland.  The role of the witness is simply to report on the basis of what was observed.  It would be inappropriate for an investigator to proffer a view on an individuals injuries in the context of their observations.

  1. Video Surveillance

Video remains the gold standard. PIs may discreetly observe individuals in public settings—walking dogs, lifting bags, entering gyms, or playing sports. If such activities contradict the claimant’s injury reports, this can raise serious credibility issues.

  1. Social Media Monitoring

Platforms like Facebook, TikTok, and Instagram offer a treasure trove of publicly available information. Our office has previously commented on How Social Media Evidence Impacts Personal Injury Cases in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.

A claimant posting holiday selfies or gym check-ins while claiming to be housebound may unknowingly undermine their own case.

It’s essential that investigators only access content that is publicly visible and refrain from unethical tactics like using false profiles or deceptive friend requests.

Legal and Ethical Framework in Ireland

 

Surveillance is not a free-for-all. Solicitors and insurers must ensure that investigations comply with:

  • GDPR and Data Protection Act 2018
  • Irish common law privacy rights
  • The Law Society of Ireland’s professional conduct rules

Some key legal limitations include:

  • Surveillance may only take place in public areas; entering or filming private property is strictly prohibited.
  • Pretexting—posing as a delivery driver or service provider—is unlawful and unethical.
  • Social media access must be limited to public content. Fake accounts or deception is never acceptable.

The Claimant Solicitor’s Duty: Mitigating Surveillance Risks

 

While the spotlight often falls on insurers and defence teams, claimant solicitors also have critical obligations. As highlighted in an Irish Independent article, legal representatives are actively warning clients about the risks posed by surveillance and social media exposure.

Many fail to grasp that they have a responsibility to do so.

Some responsibilities include:

 

  • Educating clients about surveillance: Explaining that investigators may monitor their public behaviour and online activity.
  • Advising on social media content: Warning clients to avoid posting, sharing, or interacting with public content that could be misinterpreted.
  • Clarifying disclosure obligations: Ensuring clients understand that relevant online content may be discoverable in litigation.
  • Avoiding client misconduct: Discouraging clients from deleting content or accepting friend requests from unknown accounts—both could raise red flags or jeopardise credibility.

Failure to advise clients appropriately could expose a claimant solicitor to criticism or indeed an allegation of professional negligence, particularly where social media evidence leads to case dismissal or reputational damage.

The Defence Solicitor’s Role in Managing PI Use

 

At Lacey Solicitors, our approach to instructing private investigators is grounded in professionalism, oversight, and compliance. We ensure that:

  • All investigators are licensed and insured;
  • Surveillance is conducted strictly within the legal and ethical parameters;
  • Instructions are documented, specific, and proportional to the claim;
  • All evidence is reviewed for admissibility and probative value;
  • Investigations are immediately suspended if there is any sign of misconduct.

Surveillance must be used strategically, never as a fishing expedition. The goal is fairness and factual clarity—not harassment or intimidation.

Balancing Truth and Privacy in Injury Litigation

 

Surveillance evidence can be a useful tool in defending personal injury claims, but it must be approached with caution. Irish courts accept such evidence where it is gathered lawfully, proportionately, and in response to genuine concerns—such as suspected exaggeration or dishonesty. However, any intrusion into a claimant’s privacy must be justified, and covert surveillance without cause is likely to backfire.  Defence solicitors must balance the right to investigate with the claimant’s right to privacy.

Private investigators must operate within strict legal and ethical parameters. Filming must take place only in public settings, and investigators should not use deceitful tactics like false identities or hidden tracking devices. If these boundaries are crossed, the evidence may be ruled inadmissible, and the instructing party—whether solicitor or insurer—could face consequences.

Overall, while surveillance can assist in exposing fraudulent or exaggerated claims, it must be used strategically, sparingly, and with full regard for privacy rights and data protection law. Solicitors play a key role in supervising investigators and ensuring compliance throughout the process.

At Lacey Solicitors, we work with insurers and self-insured clients across Ireland to ensure surveillance is conducted professionally and strategically, without breaching legal or ethical obligations.

Contact Us

 

If you are defending a personal injury claim and are considering the use of surveillance evidence, speak with Lacey Solicitors today using our Online Portal. Our Dublin insurance defence team can provide strategic advice and ensure your investigations comply with Irish and EU legal standards.

 

Life is full of dangers and judicial prose…

Posted on by Damian McGeady (Partner)

A Sideways Glance to the Court of Appeal decision in

 

Kandaurova

V

 Circle K Energy Group Ltd

 

Brilliant.

The opening to Noonan J’s Court of Appeal judgment this week in the case of Kandaurova v Cirkle K Energy Group Ltd. was brilliantly effective, reminiscent of the vivid staccato style often associated with Lord Denning in his pomp. To Denning, the writing of judgments was an art form.  And the beginning mattered:

I try to make my judgments live … I start my judgment, as it were, with a prologue – as the chorus does in one of Shakespeare’s plays – to introduce the story.

Professor James Raymond, former Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Alabama, maintained that the first page of a judgment is “prime real estate.” In a well-constructed judgment, “the front page says it all.”

 

Danger here

In Kandaurova, Noonan J opened as follows;

Life is full of dangers which may cause injury if not avoided.  Small children develop by encountering and learning to avoid things that can be fallen off, bumped into, tripped over or knocked down.  In the common law of occupiers’ liability, ordinary everyday dangers are described as “usual” and as such, do not attract liability

The reader is given a simple and direct introduction to the case. The direction of the wind is clear. People can be injured due to danger, but where it is a usual or common danger, there may not be a liability. In this case, a lady tripped on a kerb. It was not defective. The Court of Appeal held that she could not recover damages from the Occupier.

 

The Bluebell opening

There are other fine examples of opening paragraphs in Personal Injury cases. Denning’s ‘Bluebell opening’ is perhaps the most celebrated;

It happened on the 19th April, 1964. It was bluebell time in Kent, Mr. and Mrs. Hinz had been married some 10 years, and they had four children, all aged 9 and under. The youngest was one. Mrs. Minz was a remarkable woman. In addition to her own four, she was foster-mother to four other children. To add to it, she was two months pregnant with her fifth child.

On this day they drove out in a Bedford Dormobile van from Tonbridge to Canvey Island. They took all eight children with them. As they were coming back they turned into a lay by at Thurnham to have a picnic tea. The husband, Mr. Hinz, was at the back of the Dormobile making the tea. Mrs. Hinz had taken Stephanie, her third child, aged 3, across the road to pick bluebells on the opposite side. There came along a Jaguar car driven by Mr. Berry, out of control. A tyre had burst. The Jaguar rushed into this layby and crashed into Mr. Hinz and the children. Mr. Hinz was frightfully injured and died a little later. Nearly all the children were hurt. Blood was streaming from their heads. Mrs. Hinz, hearing the crash, turned round and saw this disaster. She ran across the road and did all she could. Her husband was beyond recall. But the children recovered.

 

Home Run

This blog has previously written of the Irish case of Kane v Kennedy and Budd J’s tremendously evocative :

The news of the death of Joe DiMaggio came while I was writing this judgment. His record streak in 1941, when he got a hit in fifty-six consecutive games, still stands. His grace at the plate and his defensive qualities at centre field, his leadership of the New York Yankees to victory in nine of the ten World Series in which he led them, and above all his gentlemanly conduct made him a legend in his own lifetime. I wonder what he would have made of the problems with which I have been confronted in resolving the conflicts of evidence presented by what followed the strike by Alice Dunne during the game of rounders played in the sports hall of a convent school in Glasnevin on the morning of Tuesday 21st May 1996.

 

Life and Death

One of the first Constitutional cases this reader encountered was the X Case (1992). This form Denham J:

This application for an injunction raises issues of the utmost seriousness affecting a girl of 14 years of age and her family. It concerns matters of life and death, and touches on the deepest aspects of human experience and the moral and legal norms of our Justice.

 

Short and Sweet

Lord Hoffmann’s opening to his judgment in the case Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society could not have been in plainer language;

My Lords, I have had the advantage of reading in draft the speech prepared by my noble and learned friend, Lord Lloyd of Berwick. I agree with it, and for the reasons which he has given, I would allow the appeal.

 

Signal of Intent

Lord Wilberforce in Anns v Merton London Borough Council got straight to the point with:

In my opinion the time has come when we should say that the law ought to recognise our responsibility going beyond the present cases, a duty to behave conscientiously, responsibly and with humanity.

 

Lunar Law

For the property lawyers out there, what about I leave you with this from our Supreme Court and Higgins CJ in Vone Securities Ltd v. Cooke:

As stated by Mr. Justice Costello in his Judgment, at common law the ordinary primary meaning of month, when used in instruments such as leases, was and is lunar month. This meaning is taken to be intended by the parties to any such instrument unless that instrument read as a whole, or the surrounding contemporaneous circumstances, show that the other, or secondary meaning, of calendar month, was, in fact, intended. It will, no doubt, surprise many people to learn that a rule as archaic as this surely is and so far removed from the needs and uses of modern society should still be part of our law. Even in the days of Charles Dickens, the rule was probably sufficiently out of date to justify Mr. Bumble’s description of the law. Today, its continued existence as a rule of the common law is opposed to all common sense and indicates how much remains to be done by way of reform to bring the common law up to date.

You learn something new every day! Or should that be every 1/29th of a lunar month (Approx. Maths is not my thing)

Multiple Injuries and the Assessment of Damages, North and South.

Posted on by Damian McGeady (Partner)

A valued insurance client recently asked for guidance on measuring damages for personal injury in Northern Ireland, where multiple injuries are sustained, and how it compares to the approach South of the border.

 

Green Book Claims

 

The Green Book, or to give its official title, Guidelines for the Assessment of General Damages in Northern Ireland, was recently updated with the publication of the sixth edition. It is the NI equivalent to The Personal Injuries Guidelines. In applying the Green Book, the leading case on aggregating damages for multiple injuries is Wilson v Gilroy & Anor [2008] NICA 23.

 

Intuition

 

Much will depend on a trial judge’s determination and intuition.

 In Wilson, the Court of Appeal concluded;

In cases involving a multiplicity of injuries each of which calls for individual evaluation, it is well established that one should check the correctness of the aggregate sum (which is produced when one adds together the amounts for all of them) by considering the figure on a global or general basis. Essentially, this involves an intuitive assessment of the suitability of the sum produced to compensate the plaintiff’s overall condition.

Application

 

 In McAuley v Russell and others, Mr Justice Humphries applied a small discount on an aggregate award. In that case, he totted up the value of each injury as per the Green Book. The Plaintiff had suffered injuries including Left leg injury, Left arm injury, Right knee, Facial & ENT injuries, Scarring, Rib/chest injury, Concussion, Tooth injury, and an Adjustment Disorder. That amounted to an aggregate value of £250,000.  Applying the test of the Court of Appeal in Gilroy, the Judge reduced the award to £225,000.

 Theoretically, if the Court was satisfied, it could consider not applying a discount. It is not mandated; instead, it is for the Judge to decide. In practice, there will inevitably be a discount in most cases. The discount level may not be significant in some cases, such as the example in McAuley. When acting for Defendant Insurers, we would argue that there should be a much more substantial reduction than that given by the Court in McAuley. The truth is that another judge may well have given a lower award. Given, however, that it comes down to the intuition of the Judge, it would have been a difficult one to appeal.

 

 Claims under the Personal Injuries Guidelines

 

There is much more detailed guidance south of the border, where the proposed revised Guidelines have noted the application of the Jurisprudence of the Superior Courts.  See our previous insights where we highlighted that ‘The Uplift’ can exceed the value of the award for the dominant Injury in applying the new Guidelines.

Cases such as McHugh v Ferol and Lipinski (a minor) v Whelan, where the  High Court noted that the existing guidelines did not provide specific direction regarding the uplift that should be applied in cases of multiple injuries. In McHugh v Ferol, the court established that the combined uplift could, in certain circumstances, exceed the value of the award for the dominant injury. In the Lipinski case, the High Court gave clear guidance on calculating the compensation for psychiatric injury under the new guidelines. 

 In Zaganczyk Petit and others, the Court of Appeal referred to, with approval, the decision in McHugh v Ferol. In this instance, the Court of Appeal reduced the plaintiff’s award and gave further guidance on the methods of valuing psychiatric injury under the guidelines and procedures for calculating the uplift in a case of multiple injuries.

 If the revised guidelines are passed (as expected), these will be put on a formal footing.

Supreme Court Decision in Delaney v PIAB Case Eagerly Anticipated

Posted on by Damian McGeady (Partner)

Introduction

 

The forthcoming Supreme Court ruling in Delaney v PIAB, The Judicial Council of Ireland and The Attorney General is one of the most closely watched personal injury cases in Ireland. The decision, expected on 9th April, could have far-reaching implications for the Personal Injuries Guidelines, the role of PIAB, and how courts assess general damages in compensation claims.

Background to the Delaney Case

 

On 12th April 2019, Mrs Delaney suffered a fall on a public footpath, grazing her knee and sustaining a minor ankle fracture (an undisplaced fracture of the right lateral malleolus).

  • She submitted her claim to PIAB, naming Waterford City and County Council as the respondent.
  • Under the Book of Quantum, she was advised that general damages would likely fall between €18,000 and €34,000.
  • However, PIAB assessed her damages at just €3,000, applying the new Personal Injuries Guidelines introduced in 2021.

This stark difference in award values led Mrs Delaney to initiate Judicial Review proceedings, arguing that PIAB had acted unlawfully by applying the Guidelines instead of the Book of Quantum.

Grounds of the Judicial Review

 

The applicant challenged the validity of the Guidelines on four main constitutional grounds:

  1. Unconstitutional Delegation of Power – The Judicial Council Act 2019 allegedly failed to provide sufficient “principles and policies” for drafting the Guidelines, contrary to Article 15.2.1 of the Constitution.
  2. Judicial Independence – It was argued that the Act infringed Article 35.2, which guarantees the independence of the judiciary.
  3. Retrospective Application – The Guidelines were applied retrospectively, allegedly depriving the applicant of vested rights.
  4. Disproportionality & Property Rights – The significantly lower awards were said to be irrational, disproportionate, and an infringement of constitutional rights to property, bodily integrity and equality.

High Court Decision by Mr Justice Meenan

 

The High Court dismissed the applicant’s challenge, finding that:

  • The awarding of general damages must reflect not only the interests of plaintiffs and defendants but also broader economic and social policy considerations.
  • Section 90 of the Judicial Council Act 2019 clearly set out the necessary “principles and policies”.
  • The Judicial Council Committee had properly applied those principles in drafting the Guidelines.
  • Some categories of injury saw increased damages, showing the Guidelines were not simply about reducing awards.
  • The Committee was entitled to benchmark against awards in other jurisdictions.
  • As courts retain the power to depart from the Guidelines, judicial independence was not undermined.
  • Constitutional rights do not guarantee a plaintiff a fixed sum of damages, only a fair assessment under law.
  • PIAB acted lawfully under the PIAB Act 2003 (as amended) in making its assessment.

Why This Case Matters to Insurance Defence Lawyers in Ireland

 

The Supreme Court’s forthcoming judgment will be pivotal for:

  • Personal Injury Claimants – Clarifying whether awards under the Guidelines can be constitutionally sustained.
  • PIAB Assessments – Confirming whether PIAB was correct to apply the Guidelines instead of the Book of Quantum.
  • Irish Personal Injury Law – Determining the balance between fair compensation, judicial independence, and the State’s interest in controlling damages levels.

Conclusion

 

The Delaney case has become a landmark test for the Personal Injuries Guidelines in Ireland. The Supreme Court’s ruling will provide crucial clarity for solicitors, insurers, claimants, and defendants alike. Whether the Guidelines stand or are struck down, this decision will shape the future of personal injury compensation in Ireland.

 

Sports Writing, Shane Warne, The Master of the Rolls and Baseball

Posted on by Damian McGeady (Partner)

Part One: A Blog by Damian McGeady

Donegal Memories

Until recently, I thought that I had read the greatest legal paragraph ever written in my first week as a law undergraduate. I know that it’s a bit niche, but please do bear with me. It was written by Lord Denning. That was in 1993. Sam Maguire was sitting behind a bar in Maghera at the time, well-oiled in his first week in Derry. I had spent the summer driving and dreaming. Driving a TNT liveried van around every back road in Donegal, dreaming of Croke Park on the third Sunday in September. I was listening too. To every ball of the 1993 Ashes series. Not that I had been a fan of Cricket before then. The FM signal in Donegal was patchy. The one constant was Long Wave. And so, it was for me a summer of BBC Test Match Special on the World Service.

Old Trafford (Not That One)

 

Do you remember Shane Warne’s Ball of the Century? I do. I was in a Ford Transit van driving from Gweedore to Letterkenny. I had just passed the foot of Errigal, there passed McGeady’s Pub at the rise above the Poisoned Glen. The Sky was cloudless. It was his first Ashes ball. And I heard it, live. I was hooked. Until then, I didn’t get cricket.

Lord Denning did. He got cricket. Weeks later, with the ink barely dry on my USIT card, I read the opening of his judgement in the case of Miller v Jackson.

Early Influences: Sports Writing

 

I was a fan of good sports writing. I had devoured Paul Kimmage’s Rough Ride that summer. Earlier in the year I had read Nick Hornby’s Fever Pitch. On Sundays it was Brian Glanville and Hugh McIllvaney in the broadsheets. Then there was Denning’s Miller v Jackson opening paragraph.

County Durham: Denning on Village Cricket

 

“In summertime village cricket is the delight of everyone. Nearly every village has its own cricket field where the young men play and the old men watch. In the village of Lintz in County Durham they have their own ground, where they have played these last seventy years. They tend it well. The wicket area is well rolled and mown. The outfield is kept short. It has a good club-house for the players and seats for the onlookers. The village team play there on Saturdays and Sundays. They belong to a league, competing with the neighbouring villages. On other evenings after work they practice while the light lasts. Yet now after these 70 years a Judge of the High Court has ordered that they must not play there anymore…”

Denning’s whimsical piece is a joy of sporting and legal literature. He got cricket the way John Woodcock got cricket. On his death, Woodcock was hailed the poet laureate of cricket writers.

New York: Roger Angell and Baseball

 

Roger Angell might be described as the poet laureate of Baseball. In 2014, Sports Illustrated called him the greatest baseball writer in America. He wrote regular essays in The New Yorker. In doing so, it quoted his 1975 piece, Agincourt and After, where he described:

“The infantile and ignoble joy that sends a grown man or woman to dancing and shouting with joy in the middle of the night over the haphazardous flight of a distant ball—seems a small price to pay for such a gift.”

Dublin: Mr Justice Declan Budd and Irish Baseball Writing

 

Mr Justice Declan Budd could have given Angell a run for his money. The Irish High Court Judge retired in 2011 after 20 years on the bench. It was only recently that I became aware of his judgement in the 1999 case of Kane v Kennedy, which I happened upon by accident.

“The news of the death of Joe DiMaggio came while I was writing this judgment. His record streak in 1941, when he got a hit in fifty-six consecutive games, still stands. His grace at the plate and his defensive qualities at centre field, his leadership of the New York Yankees to victory in nine of the ten world series in which he led them, and above all his gentlemanly conduct made him a legend in his own lifetime. I wonder what he would have made of the problems with which I have been confronted in resolving the conflicts of evidence presented by what followed the strike by Alice Dunne during the game of rounders played in the sports hall of a convent school in Glasnevin on the morning of Tuesday 21st May 1996.”

I read it again. And again.

Looking Ahead: Part Two

 

In Part Two, we explore further Mr Justice Budd’s judgement and other Irish judicial references to sport.

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